Many of the watersheds in the Greater Istanbul area are being compromised by various factors. One such watershed is the Büyükçekmece watershed. You have been charged as a planning consultant to devise some strategies to protect this watershed. Explain the process you would follow that would result in a set of strategies specifically geared for this watershed. You should do some research in the background of the pressures that are facing the lake, water quality standards and refer to literatrue in this area. This should be a well-developed response. Creative strategies are particulary encouraged.
There will be no follow up requested for this blog. However, you must be ready to explain your proposals and be familiar with what others have posted for discussion at the next class session.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
11 comments:
The urbanisation and suburbanisation is increasing all over the world in our times. More and more percentage of the worlds population is living in cities nowadays. Thus some cities have become a new dimension, new words appear in our language, such as megacities or globalcities.
Whatever the definition of those might be, these are areas, characterized by an extreme amount of settlement and industrial activity.
Especially in urban areas with high population density and a lot of industrial activities, the sustainable supply with freshwater is endangered.
The megacity of Istanbul is a good example for problems, appearing with freshwater supply and the management of watersheds and water reservoirs. Nearly one fifth of the Turkish population lives in Istanbul, while it is occupying less than 1% of Turkeys land.
Istanbul still receives a high amount of immigration from all across the land and even other nations. A big part of the settlement happening in Istanbul is illegal or semi-legal, uncontrolled settlement, for example in the protection areas of watersheds, cause negative effects on the water quality. Not only uncontrolled settlement, but also a variety of other problems, are complicating the protection of watersheds, to guarantee a sustainable supply with fresh water.
This leads, in our case, the B.Cekmece watershed, to following questions:
What are the main problems, concerning the pollution of the watershed?
How can they be detected?
What kind of strategy can be developed, to manage the protection of the B.Cekmece watershed?
From the experience with other watersheds and their reservoirs, for example in Germany, we now that these are the main problems, causing dangerous pollution of the watersheds:
- Population
- Population density
- Industrial / Agricultural activities
To detect the main causes of pollution in B.Cekmece watershed, we should start from the end of the chain. Which means, the water itself and its quality.
On the homepage of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI), there is a listed water quality report, with monthly measurements, of the water quality of B.Cekmece lake and of those of the other important water reservoirs in Istanbul from 2002 to 2007.
“ source: http://www.iski.gov.tr/en-US/arasayfalar.php?sukalite2007”
Containing the important parameters for international water quality standards. These can be found at the homepages of World Health Organisation (WHO), Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and European Union (EU).
Following noticeable negative developments of important parameters, it is needed to find their causes. This for a scan of the land use around B.Cekmece is necessary. GIS based Data can be used to classify the land use. To predict the land use in future times, data from the States Statistics Institue (DIE) can be useful.
Which kind of land use leads to the negative effects concerning the
water quality?
In B.Cekmece, there is a lot of agricultural activity in the area of the watershed. Negative consequence can be an `overdose` of nutrients through the watershed into the reservoir. But which method is able to prevent such pollution?
Direct contact with the farmers seems to be effective. For example a deal between the BüyükSehir and local farmers: “ If you plant some trees around your fields( who absorb contaminated water from getting into the reservoir), you are allowed to attach a certain amount of land to your fields..” = win – win situation.
Technical arrangements to clean and deflect waste water must be renovated.
To make the existence of protection areas around the watershed possible, people need to be informed on a higher scale. There has to be a barrier for settlement projects in this area. The investors of those projects should be involved in environmental planning. Of course there are financial interests involved and the legal regulations are weak. But as a first step, catching the attention of the public could be useful
Büyükçekmece lake represents an important drinking water resource and supplies apart from other reservoirs the inhabitants of Istanbul with fresh water (Başak & Alagha, 2004: 1). But the quality of the provided water is suffering from the unplanned and rapid increase of Istanbul. The growth of Istanbul into its periphery causes major land-use changes. The area sourrounding the Lake faced, according to Geyman & Baz, a growth rate of built-up areas (housing density less than 60m) from 1,149 ha (1995) to 1,639 ha (2005) (Geyman & Baz, 2007: 7). The city is facing an enormous demand for housing caused by high migration rates. To supply these demands, the urban sprawl reaches up to the watersheds. This leads to reduction in water quality and other environmental impacts. Around the Büyükcekmece lake developments being noticed, comparable to the past evolution of the area of Kücükcekmece lake which are already researched by DEMiRCi et al..
In the past, district municipalities and other in planning processes involved institutions tried to regularise the growth and the risks evolving out of the growth. The efforts which should reach the intended goals were adopting planning methods and strategies, land-use regulations and zoning in form of new laws. But in fact this does not lead to the desired goals. Unfortunately, the outcomes were quite contrary to the original intention. Geyman & Baz came to the point that these efforts, „encouraged such activities, further stretching and degrading local natural resources because these developments suffer from improper and insufficient infrastructure facilities“ (Geyman & Baz, 2007: 2).
To follow this train of thought, I would suggest in face of the urgency in solving this problems and protect the watershed, it is necessary to invent adequate planning structures institutionally fixed.
The next step is to facilitate the land demanding groups of interests with sufficient infrastructure in the already used areas. The intention is to use the areas in the city that have been made available more sufficient and thereby protecting agricultural and untouched territories.
Besides, the government should work on breaking the primacy of Istanbul. The city already bursts at the seams and economic underdeveloped regions should also benefit from the prosperity of the economic growth. Breaking the huge flow of migrants to Istanbul, the solution may be governmental business development with the aid of subsidies.
At the moment, the water quality of Büyükçekmece-Lake is up to the standards of European Community and World Health Organization. But it will be necessary to discuss adequate solutions with all involved groups of interests. To diminish the pressures Büyükçekmece-Lake is facing it will be essential using above mentioned thought-provoking impulses.
Bertan Başak & Omar Alagha (2004): The chemical composition of rainwater over Büyükçekmece Lake, Istanbul.
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V95-4D5KS9F-1&_user=1 0&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7e6c4c34dd9ba0fdc5006c02999b2024
Abdurrahman Geymen & Ibrahim Baz (2007): Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area.
Source: http://www.springerlink.com/content/82167104w352w035/fulltext.pdf
Ali Demirci, Michael Andrew McAdams, Omar Alagha, Mehmet Karakuyu (without year): The relationship between land use change and water quality in Kücükcekmece lake, Istanbul.
Source: http://dis.fatih.edu.tr/store/docs/970940lTWZQ2sk.pdf
The Büyükçekmece Lake is located in the western part of İstanbul – it was created by damming the Karasu stream (going to the Marmara Sea) in order to gain supplies of drinkable water for the city of İstanbul. Among the factors that affect the water quality in the lake are industrialization, urbanization and agriculture, motorways cut across both ends of the lake – all of them having seperate impact on the water (www.bird life.org). For example – most of high suspended sediment (SS) and nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations along the east coast of the lake indicate the discharges coming from the agricultural areas located along the east coasts of the Lake Buyukcekmece See Fig.1.).
(the figure did not want to be pasted - I don´t know how to cope with that)
Fig.1. The deposition of Suspended sediments in Buyukcekmece Lake. (from: Ustun B., Ekercin S., Baspehlivan C. Mapping water quality at the Lake Buyukcekmece, Istanbul by using İCONOS multispectral imagery)
Nowadays, in terms of growing population of Istanbul, the water quality and it´s management are serious problems, especially considering the fact that about 95% of the potable water demand of Istanbul is met from the surface
waters (Akkoyunlu A. et al. 2002). Maintaining the quality of fresh water is undoubtedly one of the greatest interests of space management in Istanbul, as well as in other big cities.
Büyükçekmece is uder control by many meanings: land acquisition, afforestation, observing the watershed by satellite from space and special security organization are part of that. What is more - Water Pollution Control Regulation of ISKI (Istanbul Water and Sewerage
Administration) sets the protection zones about the water reservoirs.
Particular actions that should be undertaken to protect the watershed concern especially agriculture, industrialization and urbanization.
Afforestation of the wide area around the Lake would have extremely positive effect on the water quantity qnd quality – the forest would stop the delivery of many pollutions heading for the reservoir and also it would be the reservoir of water itself, because of it´s subsurface water retention ability. Planting the trees should not be consider as a waste of valuable ground, but as a big step towards better life quality, which we all benefit of.
The other thing is continuous cooperation between municipality and scienstists: municipality as decision maker and land use manager with the scientists who can control the area and quickly recognise the threats or influence of predicted actions. There should be, for example, frequent measurements of water quality, which would give the knowledge about the impact of such human activities like agriculture or urbanisation.
The growing of the city along the west direction generates such problems like waste and sewage disposal. The infrastructure should be prepared for urbanisation pressure – to avoid uncontrolled sewage delivery to the water reservoir etc.
Remembering the very severe water shortage problem in İstanbul in 1994, we should emphasise the development and protection of water supplies strongly – so that people can live safely in their city.
Akkoyunlu A., Yuksel E., Erturk F., Bayhan H. Managing of watersheds of Stanbul (Turkey), Fifth Water Infromation Summit: Regional Perspectives on Water Information Management Systems, Florida, USA, 2002
Ustun B., Ekercin S., Baspehlivan C. Mapping water quality at the Lake Buyukcekmece, Istanbul by using İCONOS multispectral imagery,
3rd EARSeL Workshop Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone 7-9 June 2007, Bolzano, Italy (http://las.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/projekte/earsel/3rd_CZ_workshop/publications/wscz2007-ustun.pdf)
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=740&m=0
Lukasz K.
In 1980 population of Istanbul was 4,5 million people, 10.58 in 2000. The urbanisation process continues and is accompained by improper infrastructure and green-areas degradation. Thereby the watersheds of intra-motropolitan lakes are being polluted. Since these lakes are reservoirs of drinking water this is very unwanted process (Geymen 2007). Kucukcekmece lake epitomise such a degradation. All types of development were allowed in these area. Industries, high-density residental development and streams of raw sewage, waste from industries put directly into the lake were the trigger of Kucukcekmece’s ecolocigal disaster (Demirci 2005). Likewise, The Buyukcekmece Lake, as a water reservoir, is facing such problems. According to Istanbul Water Quality Raport (Istanbul... 2007) from May 2007 to September 2007 water quality of Buyukcekmece Lake is decreasing. Urban sprawl of Istanbul can cause increasing degradation of this lake, which is crucial for inhabitants.
What actions should be taken to prevent Buyukcekmece watershed? In these area exist industrial zones, residential area, airport, mining zone, vast agricultural area and forests. Firstly, there should be building restrictions: no more industrial buildings, which could pollute the watershed can be built there, all new building sites should have proper sanitation infrastructure.
Secondly, some researches should be done: already existed buildings should be checked if they have sufficient sanitation system or if they do not pollute watershed in other way, pollutions emitors shoud be discovered and monitored.
Thirdly, sufficient actions should be done: all inproper systems which have apparent influence on water quality have to be changed into proper systems, if it is posible pollution’s sources should be neutralized or their influence should be reduced. Area (at least 15 meter) around the lake and streams, which flow into the lake, should be forested by non-conifer trees. Local goverments should subside farmers who would forest their lands. Areas of Istanbul which have not got such an important role as water supply should be special economical areas. In these areas a sweeteners would be given to industries which would build their factories there. That could relocate industry to another places and make city’s strategical areas less attractive.
Istanbul Water Quality Raport, May 2007
Istanbul Water Quality Raport, September 2007
Geymen A., Baz I., 2007, Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover
changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2007
Demirci A., McAdams M.A., Algaha O., Karakuyu M., 2005, The relationship between land use change and water quality in kucukcekmece lake watershed,
Dam, one of the most important fresh water areas in Istanbul and it supplies the %17 freshwater needs of Istanbul daily.
It occurs rotational type landslides on the Çakmaklı stream eastern of the lake, especially in rainy times.
Population density 25 people per hectare in the dam watershed, so it should be international level and it should be prevented more population.
Because of the dam’s deepest point 3,5 meters and average deepness 50 cm furthermore if we consider too much evaporation in summer time and more water using, accumulating sedimentation in the lake bottom causes plantation and it would be more pollution and also causes charging of dam especially on shallow.
In order not to meet like these situations it should be prevented erosion by Çakmaklı stream landslide and by some agricultural activities. Due to the fact that it should be cared of arable lands side. Another one is that; it can be paid attention to increase of fish types which are feed that plantation type.
One of the causes of chlorophyll in the dams shallow is fertilizer that is used for agriculture then it arrives by the way of some flows and streams through dam area.
Maybe we can join to university increasing population surround of the dam watershed too. Because its population increased lately.
May be something can be done in this issue like, detecting some underground water samples nearby the industry areas in dam watershed and nearby.
Another thing is that; it should be taken some water samples from the dam bottom or near level. Because some heavy metals settle down.
In order to prevent possible salinity caused by seas should be protected ground water level and dam water level.
Meanwhile it must be prohibited using some fertilizer or chemical for agriculture on water pulled fields when summer time.
Otherwise it must be obstructed hosing and industrial waste water polluters coming from eastern and northeastern side of the dam. These are content their inside phosphate and nitrogen.
Sources:
Land Use Change Detection and Water Quality Management In Istanbul’s Water Basins By Using Ikonos Imagery. C. Başpehlivan. Ö.V. Sarıkaya, M.F Döker.
B.Çekmece Gölü Havzasındaki Cs-137 Kullanımına Dayalı Erozyon Araştırmalarına İlk Not.
Sevilay Hacıyakupoğlu, T. Ahmet Ertürk, Nilgün Çelebi, Gürsel Karahan…
İski İçme Suyu Havzaları Yönetmeliği
www.buyukcekmece.net
“No single theory of planning or urban change adequately describes the complex and dynamic reality of land use planning practice under some conditions of competition change and reciprocity.
Management land use change should be these approaches; intelligence collection, advance planning, development management, and problem solving- are the monitor and guide continuing change the best benefit community.”
“The players are locked together in a frame work of interdependence in which they must gain agreement from other players in order to achieve their goals. Thus the process’s competition is tempered with the need for cooperation as well.”
We have several urban planning theories and in Nigel Taylor’s article she offers us two main chosen for new urban planning distance from political loyalty. One of them is that, to build new and technology, information cities, using the rational process. The other one is that, to build artistic and environmental cities at the same time related with technical infrastructure.
Understanding the nature of the land use game is the first step toward developing an art and science of land use planning and development management.
In this case we can offer that approaches, it should be to preserve the central part of city’s (as a historical places) then to build second new urban area harmonic with environment and city’s history, and then to build an area rapidly developing communicate and transportation through it’s surround.
Also we can consider the land use planning as a science and engineering department. While we planning it, some technical infrastructure; such as Computer technology and GIS studies will be supply us more durable constructions and cities.
Besides “The coming years are likely to bring even more environmental threats, leading to calls for extra ordinary measures locally, nationally and internationally. These will cover a wide front from air and water quality to resource conservation measures to mitigation of natural and manmade hazards. They will force federal and state attention to and investment in, new and more sophisticated environmental monitoring and management systems.”
The other article utopian cities whose McAdam’s there are some models of the future cities. It is defined with (IAHTC) The high technology or the technology city one of them is Ebenezer Howard’s garden cities type. Maybe it can be work in the future; because it had been practiced in USA and U.K.
And the other one is Wright looks at the technology as a tool of the rural and liberty residential on the other hand Le Corbusier offers tower blocks huge and include so many flats in order to much more green belt and to separate pedestrian ways with vehicles ways.
Sources:
Nigel Taylor, planning Perspectives.
The land planning Arena- Rudel 1989.
Concepts of land use change management. Rosenau.
Michael A mcAdams information Age cities.
Büyükçekmece Lake and Watershed Protection Area
We should be aware that the below mentioned points are necessary to protect a watershed area. There are some “Do”s and “Don’t”s that should be applied and also some imoportant criteria, standarts and control measurements for such watershed protection areas given below.
DO... DON'T...
• Follow Guidelines for septic tank maintenance.
• Use non-phosphate detergents.
• Leave or plant naturally vegetated areas (buffer strips), and leave/place rocks along lake shores.
• Preserve natural topography. Properly shape roads, ditches and driveways to reduce soil erosion.
• Use organic materials (e.g., compost), and biological or cultural controls in your landscape.
• Use fertilizer sparingly.
• Prevent runoff from driveways, roofs, lawns, etc., from going directly into lakes/streams. Detain runoff in depressions, or divert flow to flat, wooded areas.
• Use chemicals as a last resort. Seek the least hazardous product to accomplish the job. Purchase the smallest amounts needed. Follow directions carefully. Store hazardous materials in a contained areas.
• Pick up pet wastes and dispose of them in the garbage or toilet.
• When boating, bring back what you take out.
• Repair, paint and maintain boats in dry dock.
• When leaving a lake, remove any visible aquatic vegetation (weeds) from boat, propeller, anchor, lines and trailer and discard in trash.
• Discard all live aquatic bait in suitable containers. Empty live wells and bait buckets.
• If you move your boat from lake to lake, dry out your boat for at least two days or wash down hull with tap water before launching again; and flush engine cooling system and live wells with tap water. • DON'T use excessive amounts of herbicides and pesticides in gardens or on lawns.
• DON'T apply fertilizer right before it rains.
• DON'T put leaves, branches or other organic matter into a lake.
• DON'T wash cars near lakes, streams or drainage ditches.
• DON'T dump motor oil down a storm drain or on the ground. Recyle it.
• DON'T allow water to run directly off roads into lakes or streams.
• DON'T dispose of paint thinners or chemical products on the ground.
• DON'T put in excessive impervious surfaces (paving, etc.).
• DON'T throw litter on the ground or down storm drains. Recyle as much as possible.
• DON'T sweep leftover sand from the road or driveway into storm drains.
• DON'T dump trash or plastic into water bodies.
• DON'T dump boat sewage into a lake.
• DON'T overfill fuel tanks on boats or pump out oily water.
• DON'T dispose of aquatic plants (e.g., plants from aquariums or water gardens) by releasing them into a natural waterway.
• DON'T release live aquatic bait into the water.
• DON'T feed waterfowl.
WATERSHED CONTROL MEASUREMENTS
Proximate Protection Zone
This is a 700m wide strip extending from the absolute protection zone surrounding a drinking watersupply. No industrial installations shall be permitted. Permission can be given to residences with a population density of 5 persons/hectare. Height of the residences should not exceed 6,5m. The remaining area is subject to afforestation. At least 1 tree for each 200 m_. Required infrastructure is to be performed for the residences. No grant shall be given to the discharge of solid and liquid wastes. Agricultural activities and animal farming are not permitted. Opening or operating a mining area is prohibited. The use of the land for cemeteries shall not be permitted.
Mediate Protection Zone
This is a 1 km wide strip extending from the boundary of the proximate protection zone surrounding a drinking water reservoir. Residences in 5000 m_ area or bigger than this parcel can be built with a density of 10 persons/hectare. Height should not exceed 6,5m. The remaining area is afforested with at least 1 tree for every 200 m_. In this area touristic facilities, industry, hospital, and any kind of storing depots (warehouses) can not be constructed. No chemical fertilizers and pesticides use shall be permitted. Grant is not given to opening and operating mining areas. In this area depositing of garbage and debris shall not be permitted. No permission is given to discharge of solid and liquid wastes. The use of the land for cemeteries shall not be permitted.
Remote Protection Zone
A remote protection zone is the whole of the water collection basin that falls
outside the other protective zones surrounding reservoir. In these areas residences can be constructed with a density of 20 persons/hectare in a parcel with an area of 2500 m_ or bigger that this. Height should not exceed 6,5 m. There must be an afforestation in the remaining area with at least one tree for every 200m_. No grant is given to industrial establishments and touristic facilities. There will not be the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. No permission is given to construction of hospitals, chemistry laboratories, and medical faculties. No permission for the opening of stone, sand, clay, coal and mining areas. There could be permission for the land use of cemeteries to serve the area. Other than this depositing of garbage and debris and their disposal shall not be permitted. No chemical and fuel tanks can be installed.
SUMEYRA KURT
References:
Atilla Akkoyunlu, Ebubekir Yuksel, Ferruh Erturk, Hurrem Bayhan, 2002 (Respectively, Assoc. Prof. Bogaziçi University, Engineering Faculty)
http://www.woodstockconservation.org/watershed_dos_and_donts.htm
Büyükçekmece Lake and Watershed Protection Area
We should be aware that the below mentioned points are necessary to protect a watershed area. There are some “Do”s and “Don’t”s that should be applied and also some imoportant criteria, standarts and control measurements for such watershed protection areas given below.
DO... DON'T...
• Follow Guidelines for septic tank maintenance.
• Use non-phosphate detergents.
• Leave or plant naturally vegetated areas (buffer strips), and leave/place rocks along lake shores.
• Preserve natural topography. Properly shape roads, ditches and driveways to reduce soil erosion.
• Use organic materials (e.g., compost), and biological or cultural controls in your landscape.
• Use fertilizer sparingly.
• Prevent runoff from driveways, roofs, lawns, etc., from going directly into lakes/streams. Detain runoff in depressions, or divert flow to flat, wooded areas.
• Use chemicals as a last resort. Seek the least hazardous product to accomplish the job. Purchase the smallest amounts needed. Follow directions carefully. Store hazardous materials in a contained areas.
• Pick up pet wastes and dispose of them in the garbage or toilet.
• When boating, bring back what you take out.
• Repair, paint and maintain boats in dry dock.
• When leaving a lake, remove any visible aquatic vegetation (weeds) from boat, propeller, anchor, lines and trailer and discard in trash.
• Discard all live aquatic bait in suitable containers. Empty live wells and bait buckets.
• If you move your boat from lake to lake, dry out your boat for at least two days or wash down hull with tap water before launching again; and flush engine cooling system and live wells with tap water. • DON'T use excessive amounts of herbicides and pesticides in gardens or on lawns.
• DON'T apply fertilizer right before it rains.
• DON'T put leaves, branches or other organic matter into a lake.
• DON'T wash cars near lakes, streams or drainage ditches.
• DON'T dump motor oil down a storm drain or on the ground. Recyle it.
• DON'T allow water to run directly off roads into lakes or streams.
• DON'T dispose of paint thinners or chemical products on the ground.
• DON'T put in excessive impervious surfaces (paving, etc.).
• DON'T throw litter on the ground or down storm drains. Recyle as much as possible.
• DON'T sweep leftover sand from the road or driveway into storm drains.
• DON'T dump trash or plastic into water bodies.
• DON'T dump boat sewage into a lake.
• DON'T overfill fuel tanks on boats or pump out oily water.
• DON'T dispose of aquatic plants (e.g., plants from aquariums or water gardens) by releasing them into a natural waterway.
• DON'T release live aquatic bait into the water.
• DON'T feed waterfowl.
SUMEYRA KURT
References:
http://www.woodstockconservation.org/watershed_dos_and_donts.htm
Büyükçekmece Lake and Watershed Protection Area
We should be aware that the below mentioned points are necessary to protect a watershed area. There are some “Do”s and “Don’t”s that should be applied and also some imoportant criteria, standarts and control measurements for such watershed protection areas given below.
DO... DON'T...
• Follow Guidelines for septic tank maintenance.
• Use non-phosphate detergents.
• Leave or plant naturally vegetated areas (buffer strips), and leave/place rocks along lake shores.
• Preserve natural topography. Properly shape roads, ditches and driveways to reduce soil erosion.
• Use organic materials (e.g., compost), and biological or cultural controls in your landscape.
• Use fertilizer sparingly.
• Prevent runoff from driveways, roofs, lawns, etc., from going directly into lakes/streams. Detain runoff in depressions, or divert flow to flat, wooded areas.
• Use chemicals as a last resort. Seek the least hazardous product to accomplish the job. Purchase the smallest amounts needed. Follow directions carefully. Store hazardous materials in a contained areas.
• Pick up pet wastes and dispose of them in the garbage or toilet.
• When boating, bring back what you take out.
• Repair, paint and maintain boats in dry dock.
• When leaving a lake, remove any visible aquatic vegetation (weeds) from boat, propeller, anchor, lines and trailer and discard in trash.
• Discard all live aquatic bait in suitable containers. Empty live wells and bait buckets.
• If you move your boat from lake to lake, dry out your boat for at least two days or wash down hull with tap water before launching again; and flush engine cooling system and live wells with tap water. • DON'T use excessive amounts of herbicides and pesticides in gardens or on lawns.
• DON'T apply fertilizer right before it rains.
• DON'T put leaves, branches or other organic matter into a lake.
• DON'T wash cars near lakes, streams or drainage ditches.
• DON'T dump motor oil down a storm drain or on the ground. Recyle it.
• DON'T allow water to run directly off roads into lakes or streams.
• DON'T dispose of paint thinners or chemical products on the ground.
• DON'T put in excessive impervious surfaces (paving, etc.).
• DON'T throw litter on the ground or down storm drains. Recyle as much as possible.
• DON'T sweep leftover sand from the road or driveway into storm drains.
• DON'T dump trash or plastic into water bodies.
• DON'T dump boat sewage into a lake.
• DON'T overfill fuel tanks on boats or pump out oily water.
• DON'T dispose of aquatic plants (e.g., plants from aquariums or water gardens) by releasing them into a natural waterway.
• DON'T release live aquatic bait into the water.
• DON'T feed waterfowl.
SUMEYRA KURT
References:
Atilla Akkoyunlu, Ebubekir Yuksel, Ferruh Erturk, Hurrem Bayhan, 2002 (Respectively, Assoc. Prof. Bogaziçi University, Engineering Faculty)
http://www.woodstockconservation.org/watershed_dos_and_donts.htm
Büyükçekmece Lake and Watershed Protection Area
We should be aware that the below mentioned points are necessary to protect a watershed area. There are some “Do”s and “Don’t”s that should be applied and also some imoportant criteria, standarts and control measurements for such watershed protection areas given below.
DO... DON'T...
• Follow Guidelines for septic tank maintenance.
• Use non-phosphate detergents.
• Leave or plant naturally vegetated areas (buffer strips), and leave/place rocks along lake shores.
• Preserve natural topography. Properly shape roads, ditches and driveways to reduce soil erosion.
• Use organic materials (e.g., compost), and biological or cultural controls in your landscape.
• Use fertilizer sparingly.
• Prevent runoff from driveways, roofs, lawns, etc., from going directly into lakes/streams. Detain runoff in depressions, or divert flow to flat, wooded areas.
• Use chemicals as a last resort. Seek the least hazardous product to accomplish the job. Purchase the smallest amounts needed. Follow directions carefully. Store hazardous materials in a contained areas.
• Pick up pet wastes and dispose of them in the garbage or toilet.
• When boating, bring back what you take out.
• Repair, paint and maintain boats in dry dock.
• When leaving a lake, remove any visible aquatic vegetation (weeds) from boat, propeller, anchor, lines and trailer and discard in trash.
• Discard all live aquatic bait in suitable containers. Empty live wells and bait buckets.
• If you move your boat from lake to lake, dry out your boat for at least two days or wash down hull with tap water before launching again; and flush engine cooling system and live wells with tap water. • DON'T use excessive amounts of herbicides and pesticides in gardens or on lawns.
• DON'T apply fertilizer right before it rains.
• DON'T put leaves, branches or other organic matter into a lake.
• DON'T wash cars near lakes, streams or drainage ditches.
• DON'T dump motor oil down a storm drain or on the ground. Recyle it.
• DON'T allow water to run directly off roads into lakes or streams.
• DON'T dispose of paint thinners or chemical products on the ground.
• DON'T put in excessive impervious surfaces (paving, etc.).
• DON'T throw litter on the ground or down storm drains. Recyle as much as possible.
• DON'T sweep leftover sand from the road or driveway into storm drains.
• DON'T dump trash or plastic into water bodies.
• DON'T dump boat sewage into a lake.
• DON'T overfill fuel tanks on boats or pump out oily water.
• DON'T dispose of aquatic plants (e.g., plants from aquariums or water gardens) by releasing them into a natural waterway.
• DON'T release live aquatic bait into the water.
• DON'T feed waterfowl.
SUMEYRA KURT
References:
Atilla Akkoyunlu, Ebubekir Yuksel, Ferruh Erturk, Hurrem Bayhan, 2002 (Respectively, Assoc. Prof. Bogaziçi University, Engineering Faculty)
http://www.woodstockconservation.org/watershed_dos_and_donts.htm
WATERSHED CONTROL MEASUREMENTS
Proximate Protection Zone
This is a 700m wide strip extending from the absolute protection zone surrounding a drinking watersupply. No industrial installations shall be permitted. Permission can be given to residences with a population density of 5 persons/hectare. Height of the residences should not exceed 6,5m. The remaining area is subject to afforestation. At least 1 tree for each 200 m_. Required infrastructure is to be performed for the residences. No grant shall be given to the discharge of solid and liquid wastes. Agricultural activities and animal farming are not permitted. Opening or operating a mining area is prohibited. The use of the land for cemeteries shall not be permitted.
Mediate Protection Zone
This is a 1 km wide strip extending from the boundary of the proximate protection zone surrounding a drinking water reservoir. Residences in 5000 m_ area or bigger than this parcel can be built with a density of 10 persons/hectare. Height should not exceed 6,5m. The remaining area is afforested with at least 1 tree for every 200 m_. In this area touristic facilities, industry, hospital, and any kind of storing depots (warehouses) can not be constructed. No chemical fertilizers and pesticides use shall be permitted. Grant is not given to opening and operating mining areas. In this area depositing of garbage and debris shall not be permitted. No permission is given to discharge of solid and liquid wastes. The use of the land for cemeteries shall not be permitted.
Remote Protection Zone
A remote protection zone is the whole of the water collection basin that falls
outside the other protective zones surrounding reservoir. In these areas residences can be constructed with a density of 20 persons/hectare in a parcel with an area of 2500 m_ or bigger that this. Height should not exceed 6,5 m. There must be an afforestation in the remaining area with at least one tree for every 200m_. No grant is given to industrial establishments and touristic facilities. There will not be the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. No permission is given to construction of hospitals, chemistry laboratories, and medical faculties. No permission for the opening of stone, sand, clay, coal and mining areas. There could be permission for the land use of cemeteries to serve the area. Other than this depositing of garbage and debris and their disposal shall not be permitted. No chemical and fuel tanks can be installed.
SUMEYRA KURT
References:
Atilla Akkoyunlu, Ebubekir Yuksel, Ferruh Erturk, Hurrem Bayhan, 2002 (Respectively, Assoc. Prof. Bogaziçi University, Engineering Faculty)
http://www.woodstockconservation.org/watershed_dos_and_donts.htm
Post a Comment